What is Depression?

Occasional feelings of sadness or being “blue” are common experiences for everyone. However, it is important to differentiate between these temporary emotional states and clinical depression. Clinical depression, which includes major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and other related conditions, is not simply defined by fleeting feelings of sadness. These depressive disorders are complex mental health conditions characterized by prolonged symptoms such as persistent sadness, feelings of emptiness, and irritability. These symptoms can significantly impact an individual’s mental and physical functioning.

While researchers have identified several risk factors associated with depressive disorders, it’s crucial to recognize that these episodes can affect anyone, regardless of their background. Some common risk factors include:

  • Genetic predisposition or heritability
  • Biological factors and underlying health conditions
  • Exposure to stress, significant life changes, or trauma
  • Certain medications that may influence mood
  • Low socioeconomic status
  • Use of illicit substances or alcohol

Understanding these factors can contribute to better awareness and potentially more effective approaches to treatment for those affected by depression.

Signs and Symptoms of Depression

To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder or another depressive disorder, individuals typically must exhibit symptoms almost every day for at least 2 weeks, which cause significant stress and impairment in essential areas of functioning. Common symptoms include:

  • Persistent low mood, sadness, anxiety, or emptiness
  • Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
  • Irritability or restlessness
  • Inappropriate guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
  • Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities
  • Fatigue or lack of energy
  • Slowed movement or speech
  • Difficulty with thinking, memory, or decision-making
  • Changes in sleep patterns
  • Significant weight loss or gain
  • Thoughts of self-harm or suicide
  • Unexplained physical aches or pains that don’t improve with treatment.
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